育才学习网1. 英文摘要怎么写
【Abstract】 basic education curriculum reform, an important goal is to change the course to receive too much emphasis on the implementation of learning by rote, mechanical training of the phenomenon, initiated by active participation of students, willing to explore, the hard-working hands and train students to collect and process information . Therefore, the "standard of language courses" in the concerns of students learning the language, process, change their language learning, language courses as the implementation of the important content of "positive self-advocacy, cooperation and explore ways of learning" has become the reform of language teaching One of the basic concepts.。
2. 英语摘要的写法
英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于"四部分"的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。
比如"目的"，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如"方法"，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行"，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，这样很容易造成文摘重心转移，甚至偏离主题；二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译，对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏，这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复，显得拖沓、冗长。
英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容，不能随意增删，但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动，具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则，符合英文专业术语规范，并照顾到英文的表达习惯。 选择适当的时态和语态，是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。
通常情况下，摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的，而应根据具体内容而有所变化，否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循，其中存在着如下一些规律： 1、时态：大体可概括为以下几点。
1）叙述研究过程，多采用一般过去时。 2）在采用一般过去时叙述研究过程当中提及在此过程之前发生的事，宜采用过去完成时。
3）说明某课题现已取得的成果，宜采用现在完成时。 4）摘要开头表示本文所"报告"或"描述"的内容，以及摘要结尾表示作者所"认为"的观点和"建议"的做法时，可采用一般现在时。
2、语态：在多数情况下可采用被动语态。但在某些情况下，特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时，又常用主动语态，其优点是鲜明有力。
掌握一定的遣词造句技巧的目的是便于简单、准确的表达作者的观点，减少读者的误解。 1、用词力求简单，在表达同样意思时，尽量用短词代替长词，以常用词代替生僻词。
但是当描述方法、步骤时，应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如，英文中有不少动词，do,run,get,take等，虽简单常用，但其意义少则十几个，多则几十个，用这类词来描述研究过程，读者难免产生误解，甚至会不知所云，这就要求根据具体情况，选择意义相对明确的词，诸如perform,achieve等，以便于读者理解。
2、造句 1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：尽管英文的句型种类繁多，丰富多彩，但摘要的常用句型却很有限，而且形成了一定的规律，大体可归纳为 （1）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… （2）表示研究的对象与方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…] （3）表示研究的结果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that…… （4）表示结论、观点或建议：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that… 2）尽量采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时，使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变的复杂，而且容易造成时态混乱（因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的"时间差"，而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定）。
采用-ing 分词和-ed 分词作定语，在简化语句的同时，还可以减少时态判定的失误。 以上所述只是撰写英文摘要时应注意的问题中的一小部分，尚有许多问题，需要进一步探讨。
总之，英文摘要作为医学论文的重要组成部分，其修改和完善是永无止境的。英文摘要的内容要求与中文摘要一样，包括目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
但是，英文有其自身特点，最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长，同样内容的一段文字，若用英文来描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了，力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。
第一，对所掌握的资料进行精心筛选，不属于上述"四部分"的内容不必写入摘要。第二，对属于"四部分"的内容，也应适当取舍，做到简明扼要，不能包罗万象。
比如"目的"，在多数标题中就已初步阐明，若无更深一层的目的，摘要完全不必重复叙述；再如"方法"，有些在国外可能早已成为常规的方法，在撰写英文摘要时就可仅写出方法名称，而不必一一描述其操作步骤。 中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性，目前对这个问题的认识存在两个误区，一是认为两个摘要的内容"差不多就行"，因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容，或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容，。
3. 论文英文摘要怎么写
Non steady state method for determination of thermal properties of materials has become the main means, transient plane heat source method has short test time, can obtain a plurality of thermal parameters and other prominent features. In this paper, transient plane heat source method for measuring thermal conductivity of insulation materials carries out the theoretical analysis and testing technology research.This paper derives the transient plane heat source method for ideal test model of thermal parameters, sensitivity analysis, according to the parameters of sensitivity to determine their estimates of the likelihood of, according to the theoretical model to calculate the physical parameters of the theoretical value, in order to test the improved Gauss method to estimate the parameters of the feasibility and accuracy of. Sensitivity analysis shows that by the heating surface temperature rise curve can be determined by the material heat storage coefficient, temperature rise curve within the specimen can be estimated at the same time heat conduction coefficient and thermal diffusion coefficient.Carry out 3D simulation, verified the system satisfies the one-dimensional heat transfer hypothesis, the test sample in the Z direction to meet the semi-infinite hypothesis, and the initial temperature non uniformity and environmental temperature were made by ANSYS numerical simulation, and the simulation results by the method of parameter estimation of thermal conductivity and the obtained theoretical model comparison, thereby to judge error.Developed insulation material Transient plane heat source method for thermal conductivity test technology standards, including the method principle, device, selection of heating power, sample size design and effective testing time.。
4. 论文英文摘要怎么写
Local the Party paper as major media of locality , transmit party and country , Party committee of a higher level , voice of government, transmit local Party Committee and government specially in the Central Party Committee of implementation , the Party committee of a higher level and government's great principles and policies concrete measure, there are guidance and authoritativeness that other medias can't compare , so often become the focus that local audiences pay close attention to. But enter after the socialist market economy, journalism structure of our country take place a obvious one, enough to influence local the Party paper change , news report of result. Journalism has already developed into much varieties taking the Party paper as the centre, multi-level three-dimensional structure from a structure of party's declaration form, the newspaper in evening paper , city newspaper , life newspaper , specialized newspaper ,etc. doubles and redoubles, the network, this kind of new combining a large amount of transmission information fast of media of short information of cell phone at the same time, the foreign media enters the native country and seizes the market of native country. This kind of change and growth make audiences choose the information channel of the news to increase, the degree of freedom increases day by day. So local the Party paper irreplaceable status , news of information issue receive the severe challenge. So how strengthen local key competitiveness of the Party paper new period, become we want problem that solve urgently. Focus on this question to describe from content , form of the news report , journalists , reader's marriage partner and these five respects of market mechanism of the news report, is it can prove our country now local state of development of the Party paper and predicament that run into and for strengthen key competitiveness should what kind of efforts does it make to expect. Keyword: Local the Party paper; Core; Competitiveness ; Market; Readability; Affinity。
