1.怎么写topic sentence
Writers use topic sentences to let the readers know what to expect in the paragraph
Most topic sentences are direct statements.
· The invention of the telephone has influenced the way we live in innumerable ways, some less obvious than others.
· Wyoming cowboys have four distinct styles of dress,
· Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson were the first “buddies” in what was to become a pattern in detective stories.
· Vandals affect a community no matter how prepared it is.
For Readers: The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph (usually at or near the beginning)
2.托福写作如何写一个topic sentence(主题句)
所谓主题句(topic sentence, 也有人叫它中心句),就是独立写作主体段中统领全文的那个句子,也就是表述在独立写作头脑风暴和谋篇布局时候想到的“主要理由”或者“论点”的那个句子。
通常一篇独立写作有三个主题句。例如在题目“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is betterto work in large companies than in small ones.”,选择agree,三个主题句可以是:The first reason is that a large company can provide more opportunities to develop one's abilityAnother reason for choosing a big company involves welfare.A third reason is that one who appreciates the unique culture of abig enterprise will become a more responsible person to the society.在托福写作中,三个主题句可以说是作文中最重要的一组句子,因为主题句对段落起到“提纲挈领”的作用,同时对整篇文章的结构清晰度和文章逻辑性也至关重要。
如何将这个理由“完整”“清晰”“出彩”的表达出来就是本文讨论的话题。首先,每段主题句通常都位于段首,紧跟于“first, second, third”这些“信号词”之后。
除此之外还需要注意以下几点。 丨简明扼要主题句需要让读者看到之后能够快速、准确地把握本段的主要内容。
这要求我们在写主题句的时候,一方面内容要简单,另一方面用语要凝练。先来看一个反面例子:“First and foremost, television, invented in the last century, withits wide availability and increasingly prosperous programs ,becomes one of the most powerful means of communication in history, and is more and more difficult to ignore”这个主题句涵盖的内容太多,读完这个句子,读者根本不明白本段是要陈述电视节目蓬勃发展(increasingly prosperous program), 要强调电视是最强力的交流工具(the most powerful means of communication in history),还是要论证电视不可被忽视(difficult to ignore),这就是一个典型的内容太复杂的主题句。
再看一个反例:“First of all, following the new customs can show a sense of respect,which can allow a better and faster adaption inside the local population so that they make more friends.”这个句子也有两个论点:表示尊重(show a sense of respect),扩大社交(make more friends),同样也使读者不能抓住本段的主要内容。如何避免这种错误,使主题句内容简单呢?很简单,首先做到每个主题句有且只有一个论点。
论点就是指我们头脑风暴时候想到的那些“key words”,比如健康,安全,情感等等,每段写一个,不要把健康和安全放在同一个段落,也不要把情感和成功放在同一个段落。例如上面第二个例子,我们只需要删去一个论点,就可以变得非常简洁:“To start with, accepting cultures in the foreign country is an indispensable element that contributes to the expansion of social circle.”这是一个简洁的主题句,只有扩大社交(contributes to the expansion of social circle)这一个论点。
论点唯一还不一定能完全做到简洁,来看另一个反例:“The first reason why letting children care for animals isnot the best way to teach them about responsibility is that it could negatively impact a child's health.”这句话虽然只有一个论点,可是用语太繁杂,让人头晕。主题句的语法不建议太复杂,建议大家把花式操作留到其他部分去秀,在主题句,只要写一些简单句,例如:“First, raising pets will exert a negative impact on a child'shealth.”就行了。
丨不是陈述事实来看下面两个句子:A: “First, some children might be infected by feeding animals.”B: “First, raising pets could negatively impact a child's health.”哪一个是好的主题句呢?答案是B。因为A句的内容是一个“纯粹的事实”,而B句则是“抽象的概念”(exert negative impact),换言之,A句可以作为B句的例子,但B句不能作为A句的例子。
陈述事实的句子是不能作为主题句的,事实是不言自明的。不言自明,也就不需要后面的文字来“论证”了。
主题句需要写“a sentence that you could give examples for”,而不能写一个 “example”。来练习判断下面几组句子中哪一个可以做主题句呢?A: “Second, the academic performance of some children becomes poor after they are responsible for caring for a pet.”B:“Second, caring for a pet could disrupt a child's regular studies.”A: “First, people could learn how to communicate with eachother through participating in community activities”B: “First, participating in community activities is apractical and effective approach to enhance their social skills.”A: “First, letting children take care of animal is a good suggestion for the reason that kids like animals.”B: “To start with, raising pets fill friendship vacuums and satisfy people's need to nurture"(答案:三组都是B句较好) 丨使用高级词汇很多同学要问,如果主题句中不建议使用复杂句型,又不能出现多层结构,那如何显示自己的语言功力呢?要知道我们展示语言能力的地方并非只有复杂的。
3.怎样写topic outline and sentence outline
我只知道outline,不过应该包括你说的这些了
一般为五段式结构
1.introductory paragraph 介绍段
-hook 引出话题;概述,大概1-2句
-thesis statement 你的论点 1句
-main points 一般是3点 1句
以下3段分别论述这3点
2.3.4段结构一样,我只写1段的做参考
2.body paragraph 正文段
-topic sentence 你的分论点,也就是你在第一段说的3点中的第1点,只不过要更具体一点 1句
-quotation 引证.可以是数据,举例,文章节选等等
-explain 解释你的例证是如何支持你的topic sentence
-conclusion 对本段的总结
5.concluding paragraph 总结段
-restate thesis 再次强调你的论点
-restate main points 再次强调你的3个分论点
-comment 在中文写作中相当于最后对文章主旨的升华.可以是你对你的topic的重大意义,发展前景,个人推断,或者引用名人名言等等
4.请问以智慧型手机为题目的topic sentence 可以怎麽写
这个可以写的内容很多,以下是我简单想到的:
1. 科技的进步。smart phone在五年前还是一个比较新鲜的概念,现在已经非常普及了。可以用这个为突破口,写科技进步的速度,和对人类生活的影响。
2. 科技对社会的帮助和挑战。现在的一个现象就是,人们倾向于用手机和别人聊短信,微信,QQ,微博,而不愿意和周围的人面对面的交流。可以用这个,引申出来,写科技的进步虽然让社会前进,也带来了很多社会上的问题。
3. 智能手机,虽然小,但是里面涵盖的科技,制造业,厂商等等,是完整的一个链,非常复杂。可以引申出来,讲讲那些虽然看上去很简单,但是背后的故事很复杂的事情。
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