育才学习网1.求引言的英文翻译
The difference of income is reasonable and effective allocation of resources, the coordinated development of the large income gap is not conducive to social and economic. According to statistics, China's 10% people hold 90% of total wealth of society in China, increase in social wealth accelerated at the same time, tends to be the concentration of wealth to the hands of a few, which seriously deviated from the purpose of fair and reasonable income distribution. If the income gap is widening, likely to cause public discontent, and even serious conflict broke out. The personal income level control in the reasonable scope is the premise to solve the unequal distribution of income. There is close relationship of income gap and income distribution mechanism, the present income distribution mechanism has changed and people expect different changes, decided to non market factors in the level of income is more and more important role, especially the role of non market factors hidden around the income distribution mechanism of normal, leading to social wealth inclined to some specific groups, this phenomenon is especially in countries with economies in transition. Gap of income of our country continues to expand, the reason is complex, non market factors is undoubtedly one of the very important reason. Especially in the transition process from planned economy to market economy, changes in non market power returns, the political capital factors have been paid more and more attention, but the definition of political capital has not unified standard. In the course of marketization, the political capital as non market factors affecting income distribution is very important, and the influence mechanism should be more careful and attention. Some scholars believe that, all kinds of non market forces in determining the formation of power in the distribution of income status did not decrease with the process of the market, Li Shuang, Lu Ming, Misaki Sato Hiroshi (2008) the party identity and social network as a non market power in a very important political and social capital, to study the effect of non market forces on personal income return. This paper mainly studies the role of political capital. And in the general literature of political capital that institutional social capital (Szelenyietal, 1989, Lin, 2001), refers to the party, to improve the status, rights regime and ideology, the resources and the deterrence and influence (Bian Yanjie, 2008) in many around the income distribution system of debating society scholars there, cadres or party members were often used as characterization of political capital, political capital for quantitative study of influence on individual income gap (Knight, Yueh 2008; Liu Hewang 2010; Luo Chuliang 2007) some scholars think that the Party member identity as a measure of political capital index is not reliable, because the Party member identity is actually part of the personal ability reflect (Yang Ruilong, Wang Yufeng 2010), not a substitute for political capital, Li Hongbin (Li et al.2005a) proposed the use of twin data, most of the members of a on personal income is actually measured by micro ability and family background caused by. Chen Zhao (2008) pointed out that the lack of studies on Li Hongbin, he believes that to control the observation factors through twin data difference approach also has its limitations, and if Party members on behalf of the main is the ability, so in the process of reform, the ability of Party membership representative should like education in the higher degree market non state owned units to obtain higher returns, but the empirical results show, Party membership rewards in non-state-owned units or more recent years did not significantly improve, the nature of Party members with the ability and political capital. In order to avoid the party members on behalf of political capital controversy, some scholars find alternative political capital from the other hand, Li Ming, Li Huizhong (2010) with an area in the national power structure and network potential to define the area of political capital, by constructing a set of regional political capital index, Xie Lin, Li Kongyue (2012) is that entrepreneurs before redistribution office experience represents his political capital. This paper thinks in the political capital (pcapital) has no uniform standard of measurement, this paper agree with Bertrand etal. (2007) point of view, as long as the company CEO is an elite school graduates, also once in the government, he will have the political capital, can use government resources to serve for the enterprise. 在网页上打翻译就行了- -。
2.英语论文中引言怎么写
原发布者：heweiwei912
引言的写作技巧学术论文中的引言（Introduction）是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。1引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等；对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；（此部分可以单独成章作为论文第二部分）指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的—部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次来安排（如图8.1所示）。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述（此部分可以单独成章作为论文第二部分）；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与
3.“前言”的英文是什么
前言的英文preface; foreword; introduction 例句与用法1. Jame's prefaces are always important .詹姆斯小说的前言总是重要的。
2. That dictionary has a preface, not a foreword .那部词典有一篇序文，不是前言。3. Thereupon this phrase in the preamble was depleted .因此，前言中的这一句话就被删去了。
4. The introduction explains how the chapters are organized .前言部分说明各章的怎样组织。5. The preface of the book includes an account of the author 's life .该书前言记述了作者生平。
6. I retract .我取消前言。7. In his preface hawthorne seeks to explain the attraction that italy has for the writers of romances .霍桑在前言中试图阐明意大利对传奇作家的吸引力。
8. I was touched to find, in the two pages of polite, preliminary acknowledgements of debt, my own name .我深为感动，发现在前言两页客气的感谢中有我的名字。
4.英语论文引言怎么写
写作总体要求：
(1)说明论文的主题、范围和目的。
(2)说明本研究的起因、背景及相关领域简要历史回顾（前人做了哪些工作？哪些尚未解决？目前进展到何种程度？等）。
(3)预期结果或本研究意义。
(4)引言一般不分段，长短视论文内容而定，涉及基础研究的论文引言较长，临床病例分析宜短。
写作禁忌
1）文不着题，泛泛而谈。
2）引文罗列，缺少分析和概括。
注意事项
古代文论中有“凤头、猪肚、豹尾”之称。虽然论文不强调文章开头象凤头那样俊美、精采、引人入胜，但引言是给读者的第一印象，对全文有提纲挈领作用，不可等闲视之。
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